Electric Vehicle Charging System – An electric vehicle has three charging levels. Level 1 uses 120 volts and will last an electric vehicle all day (and night). Level 2 uses 240 volts and charges electric cars in a few hours. Level 3 (DC fast charging, Tesla supercharging) does the job in less than an hour at public charging stations.
We have been fueling our cars with gasoline for over a hundred years. There are several versions to choose from: regular, medium or premium gasoline or diesel. However, the refueling process is relatively simple, everyone understands how it is done, and takes about five minutes.
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Electric Vehicle Charging System
But with electric vehicles, refueling—the charging process—isn’t easy or quick. There are many reasons for this, such as the fact that each electric vehicle can receive different amounts of energy. Different types of connectors are also used, but most importantly, different levels of electrical charge determine how long it takes to charge an electric vehicle.
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Charge levels and charging times apply to electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, but not to conventional hybrids. Hybrids are charged by regeneration or by the engine, not by an external charger.
Electric vehicles have three charging levels; Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3. Level 3 is divided into DC Fast Charging and Super Charging (Tesla). The higher the charging level, the faster the charging process, as more energy is transferred by the vehicle. It is important to note that different electric vehicles charge at different rates at each level because each electric vehicle can receive a different level of power from the EVSE, from the electric vehicle supply equipment, from the charger.
When an electric vehicle is connected, a communication process occurs before the charger is activated. Basically, the car asks the charger how much power it can provide, then the car asks how much power the station can provide and the car can receive.
The car always determines how much energy it receives, so you don’t have to worry about connecting to a charging station that can provide more energy than your electric car can handle. the car
Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
Level 1 charging uses a common 120 volt household outlet. All electric or hybrid vehicles entering level 1 can be charged by connecting the charger to a standard wall socket. Level 1 is the slowest way to charge electric vehicles. This adds between 3 and 5 miles of range per hour.
Level 1 charging works well for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) because they have smaller batteries, currently less than 25 kWh. Because electric vehicle batteries are much larger, level 1 charging is too slow for most daily charges unless the vehicle is driven very far on a daily basis. Most BEV owners find Level 2 charging more suitable for their daily charging needs.
Level 2 charging is the most common level for daily charging of electric vehicles. Level 2 charging equipment can be installed at home, at work and in public places such as shopping malls, train stations and other places. Level 2 charging can charge anywhere from 12 to 80 miles per hour, depending on the power of the level 2 charger and the maximum charging speed of the vehicle.
Most BEV owners choose to install level 2 charging equipment in their home because it charges the vehicle up to 10 times faster than level 1 charging. Charging from a level 2 source usually means the vehicle will be fully charged overnight, even if you plugged it in with a nearly dead battery.
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Level 2 chargers can deliver up to 80 amps. However, this requires a dedicated 100 amp, 208-240V circuit and a heavy and expensive power line from the breaker box. Most owners would do well to choose a 40 amp charger that can supply 9.6 kW to the electric vehicle. A 48 amp charger can charge slightly faster at 11.5 kW, but requires heavier wire and the charger must be wired to meet the NEC code. Therefore, 48 amp chargers can be significantly more expensive than a 40 amp unit and offer slightly faster charging.
Level 3 charging is the fastest charging method available and can charge an electric vehicle with a range of 3-20 miles per minute. Unlike level 1 and 2 charging that use alternating current (AC), level 3 charging uses direct current (DC). The voltage is also much higher than level 1 and level 2 charging, so you don’t see level 3 chargers at home. Very few homes have the high voltage supplier required for level 3 charging.
Also, DC fast chargers cost tens of thousands of dollars. So even if you have a 400V power supply where you live, the cost of installing a charger will likely cost more than an electric car. Tesla calls its Level 3 chargers Superchargers; Others are called DC fast chargers. Nissan’s current electric cars use a third specification, CHAdeMO.
All electric vehicles in North America except the Tesla use the same connector for level 1 and level 2 charging, the J1772 or “J-Plug”. There are currently three standards in use for level 3 charging. Tesla uses its proprietary plug, Nissan and Mitsubishi use an Asian standard called CHAdeMO, and all other manufacturers use the integrated charging system, CCS or “combo” plug. However, Nissan recently announced that starting in 2021, they will switch to the combo plug for level 3 charging in their new electric cars in North America and Europe.
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Most US homes can add a circuit to a Level 2 charger without upgrading the utility. A Level 2 charger requires a separate 240V circuit like an electric clothes dryer or electric kitchen oven. In some cases, you can also share the existing circuit that drives the electric clothes dryer with an EV charger Level 2 if it is located in the garage or nearby.
Prices for Tier 2 chargers range from $250 to $1,000, depending on performance and available features. Installation typically ranges from $200 to $1,000, and can run into the thousands if you need a service upgrade to add the extra circuits you need. You should consult an electrician before purchasing an electric vehicle to know exactly how much it will cost to install a home charging system up front. A federal tax credit can offset up to 30% of the purchase and installation cost of a charger. Valid until the end of 2021.
At what level is the charging cable attached to my car? If I have it, do I need a garage charger or just a 240v outlet?
Every electric vehicle comes with a portable charger. Some are level 1, some are level 2, while others have adapters that allow both level 1 and level 2 sockets to be connected and charged. Some units are sufficient for the owner to charge the electric vehicle, but others are not powerful enough and the owner wants to purchase a more powerful charger. You should test the performance of your regular charger and see how it meets your charging needs based on the number of miles you drive in a typical day.
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No. Tesla superchargers can only be used to charge Tesla vehicles. The Tesla Supercharger network is a proprietary network installed by Tesla for Tesla customers only.
Can I charge my Tesla with a non-Tesla DC fast charger in places where I can’t find superchargers?
Yes. Tesla sells a $400 adapter that allows Tesla owners to connect CHAdeMO DC fast chargers. Tesla also plans to sell a combo adapter, so Tesla owners can also access the standard DC Fast chargers. Tesla to Combo adapters are already available in Europe, but the North American Combo connector is slightly different, so a different adapter had to be developed.
Level 3 chargers are operated by private charging networks and prices vary greatly between networks. Some charge the customer based on the amount of time the vehicle was connected to the charger, while others charge based on the amount of energy delivered. Charging electric vehicles with a level 3 charger almost always costs much more than charging at home, and in some places can cost up to 2-3 times more. At this point, the cost of electric driving is close to the cost of driving on gasoline, albeit with lower emissions.
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Are there ways to get cheaper prices for L3 chargers? Can I join the club? Do you get quantity discounts?
Most electric charging networks offer discounted charging when you join a monthly or annual service plan that requires you to pay. However, if you use the network several times a month, the savings will often exceed the monthly membership cost.
Many car manufacturers offer discounted or even free charging for several years at a particular charging network. In some cases, electric vehicles can be recharged for free and without limitation for up to three years in a partner network. Always ask the dealership if there is a discounted or free charging package for the electric vehicle you are considering.
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